He killed himself

Cousin: Nate Dogg Was On Life Support

09/18/2008 4:00 AM, E! Online

The Prodigal Son is ailing again. And we’re now learning that his condition was much graver than previously reported.

West Coast rapper Nate Dogg was hospitalized nearly two weeks ago after suffering a stroke, his second in less than a year.

But contrary to Internet news stories that offered an upbeat prognosis, a family member tells E! News that as of Wednesday the 39-year-old hip-hopster was on life support in a Los Angeles-area hospital with a feeding tube in his mouth.

“He has suffered another stroke from his bad eating habits and unhealthy lifestyle,” says Donald Smith, Dogg’s cousin and a fellow emcee who goes by the moniker Lil’ Half Dead. “All we can do now is pray for him.”

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Gallstone disease

The project plan includes 2 cross-sectional surveys; the first began in 1985 and was completed in 1988 and the second survey was carried out on the same subjects 10 years later in order to estimate the incidence of gallstone disease. Incidence rate was 0.67% per year, higher in females (0.81%) than in males (0.66%) and it increased with age. Since the study protocol was characterized also by a questionnaire inquiring about the clinical manifestation of the disease, it was possible to confirm that pain in the right hypocondrium and/or epigastrium represents the only symptom significantly associated with gallstones, while the so-called “non-specific biliary symptoms”, i.e. dyspeptic symptoms, showed the same frequency in gallstone-free subjects and GD patients. Furthermore, specific symptoms increased in severity and frequency throughout the different stages of gallstone disease (from silent to severe disease). In the studied population, the risk factors for GD in males were increasing age, BMI, concomitant diseases such as diabetes, liver cirrhosis, peptic ulcer and coronary disease, low levels of HDL and total cholesterol, and high levels of triglycerides while, in females, only increasing age and BMI. Increasing age, pain in the right hypocondrium/epigastrium and the presence of concomitant diseases are predictors of GD. Pain in the right hypocondrium or epigastrium was the only symptom associated with GD; symptom severity increased as a function of the natural history of the disease. Increasing age in men and aging and BMI in females were the only predictive factors for the eventual presence of symptoms.

U.S. facing shortage of primary care physicians

U.S. facing shortage of primary care physicians

By DAN GOLD
For the Tribune

A recent study reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association has suggested a disturbing trend. Of 1,200 fourth-year medical students surveyed, only 2 percent reported plans to enter primary care internal medicine. If this result is realized, the shortage of primary physicians will become acute.

Medical education planners are aware of the relative disdain doctors-in-training have for the primary care specialties: family medicine, internal medicine and pediatrics. Most medical students apparently prefer subspecialty careers which are much more lucrative. However, I recently heard of plans to force medical students into primary care.

The supervising board to which the specialty medical boards belong are discussing reducing the total number of subspecialty training slots available to graduating doctors. For new doctors, the competition for specialties such as orthopedics or ophthalmology, would be cutthroat in nature.

In my opinion, medical education has enough of that atmosphere already. Nevertheless, if implemented, many student doctors would have to go into primary care, not by choice, but because there is very limited opportunity to do anything else. I believe there are several drawbacks to this approach.

First, the practice of medicine, if not what a physician wants to be doing, can be very dissatisfying. We’re already seeing an accelerating retirement rate among older, unhappy doctors. If older doctors are leaving, and newer doctors find themselves in primary care while desiring to be elsewhere, and begin to leave, we will see a tremendous shortage of physicians.

I doubt that restricting subspecialty training numbers will work. Also, especially in the community I currently practice in, there is a shortage of sub-specialists.

Of course, foreign-trained physicians are becoming more numerous because of the current shortage of doctors in all specialties, especially in nonurban locales. One wonders what the free market could do if left to deal with this situation.

Unfortunately, medical markets do not always respond to market forces in ways comparable to other businesses. For example, the doubling of CAT scan machines or MRI imagers in a single community rarely decreases the cost of using those services.

Still, if the disparity between primary care and subspecialty care salaries were more equitable, perhaps more graduating doctors would be attracted to primary care.

My real concern is that the smartest of our young people will avoid a medical education altogether without the promise of competitive pay and quality of life they expect as a return for such a huge sacrifice of personal time and treasure. The average graduating doctor has educational indebtedness approaching that needed to purchase a nice home. Then comes the residency training years which are arduous and poorly paid. Total time commitment to become a doctor, not counting a four-year college degree, includes four years of medical school and three to six years of residency training.

The realities of finding a doctor in the future already are being seen. There are fewer MDs and more physician assistants, nurse practitioners and other alternative medical practitioners increasingly filling the void in communities nationwide. This latter trend will continue and accelerate. Older, more experienced doctors will continue to retire early, and the really smart students will go into law or seek their MBAs.

Who would have ever expected that avoiding a medical education would be considered the “smart play.”

Best Places for a Long Life

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Residents of these 25 counties enjoy some of the highest life expectancies in the U.S.

1. Montgomery County, MD

Courtesy: Federal Realty Investment Trust

Bethesda Row

Towns include: Aspen Hill, Calverton, Fairland, Germantown, Montgomery Village, North Bethesda, North Potomac, Olney, Potomac, Rockville, Silver Spring, Wheaton-Glenmont, White Oak

Life expectancy at birth: 81.31 years

Two top-ranked hospitals (Suburban and Naval, both in Bethesda) help make affluent, educated Montgomery County No. 1 for longevity.

Bethesda’s downtown is compact, walkable, and connected to central Washington, D.C. by Metro. Outside of town, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Park‘s scenic canalside trail helps keep residents in shape.

Last year, Montgomery’s county seat of Rockville unveiled a new pedestrian-friendly town center, bringing together housing, jobs, shopping, and recreation.

2. Story County, IA

Towns include: Ames

Life expectancy at birth: 81.02 years

The Story begins in the city of Ames, on the campus of Iowa State University. The school’s Memorial Union Workspace program offers classes and studio space to the public, including programs in pottery, music, and – yes – basket-weaving.

Also on campus, the nationally respected Reiman Gardens is open seven days a week and offers a butterfly garden, as well as indoor and outdoor botanical exhibitions.

Iowa is the nation’s first caucus state during presidential primaries, when residents get plenty of opportunities to tell the candidates first-hand how they feel.

3. Carver County, MN

Courtesy: Chaska Chamber of Commerce

Chaska

Towns include: Chanhassen, Chaska

Life expectancy at birth: 80.98 years

Carver County is home to over 50 of Minnesota‘s 10,000 lakes, and 70,000 Minnesotans who fish, sail, and otherwise enjoy them.

This suburban Minneapolis county has made physical fitness a major goal. At gocarvergo.org, you can figure out where to head for swimming, running, and biking, and even plan out a hike using an extensive interactive map.

For big-city pursuits, Carver is only a half-hour from the center of nearby Minneapolis.

4. Collier County, FL

Towns include: Golden Gate, Naples

Life expectancy at birth: 80.97 years

Collier County, which includes the city of Naples on the Gulf coast, is the picture of Florida leisure.

By land area, Collier is the largest county in the state, and 80 percent of it is devoted to parks and nature preserves. Any kind of water-related recreation or exercise you can think of is readily available. Naples has long been a destination for artists: Take a class at the Von Liebig Center or just work your way through the county’s 100-plus art galleries.

You can also take in a show-or star in one-with the Naples Players, which is recognized as one of the nation’s top community theaters.

5. Benton County, OR

Courtesy: Corvallis-Benton Chamber Coalition

Benton County

Towns include: Corvallis

Life expectancy at birth: 80.93 years

Corvallis, in Benton County, Ore., offers two annual film festivals, Shakespeare in the park, proximity to one of the world’s great wine regions, and free summer classes for seniors (65 and up) at a major university. But it’s no metropolis: Oregon State University gives the town of under 50,000 much of its population.

Opportunities for outdoor recreation are plentiful, too. Hiking and biking trails start just outside of town, and Corvallis is nestled halfway between the equally breathtaking Oregon Coast and Cascade mountains.

6. Fairfax County and City, VA

Towns include: Annandale, Bailey’s Crossroads, Centreville, Chantilly, Dranesville, Fairfax, Franconia, Groveton, Herndon, Hunter Mill, Jefferson, Lorton, McLean, Mount Vernon, Newington, Oakton, Reston, Springfield, Sully, West Springfield

Life expectancy at birth: 80.9 years

With a median income over $100,000, Fairfax is one of the richest counties in the U.S. It’s home to excellent hospitals (such as Inova), and the north terminus of Amtrak’s Auto Train, which lets you take your car or van on the train to Florida.

But Fairfax’s most striking amenity has to be Wolf Trap, the nation’s only national park for the performing arts. Residents can enjoy year-round pop music, opera, dance, and theater performances, at multiple venues set in a park, without ever leaving the county.

7. Marin County, CA

Marin County

Life expectancy at birth: 80.82 years

We can’t promise you’ll live to 100 if you run Marin County’s annual 7-mile Dipsea cross-county race. But it worked for Jack Kirk.

The race is open to competitors of all ages, and we mean all: Kirk ran every race from 1930 to 2002, finally retiring at age 96; he died a centenarian.

Marin County, at the north end of the Golden Gate Bridge across from San Francisco, is known for its liberal politics and its natural beauty: it features both Muir Woods and the Point Reyes seashore. And get yourself indoors, too: Marin is home to the Mill Valley Film Festival and, in San Anselmo, a top destination for antique shopping.

8. Olmsted County, MN

Towns include: Rochester

Life expectancy at birth: 80.68 years

Sure, a lot of things go into making Olmsted County a place where residents live long, but if you had to sum it up in two words, they’d be: Mayo Clinic. The world-renowned medical center is headquartered in Rochester.

Of course, you don’t want to spend too much time there. So join the neighbors for a jog to help keep the doctor away: Minnesota, despite its frigid winters, has the highest percentage of residents who get regular exercise, according to the Centers for Disease Control. And you can get plenty of it in Rochester, which offers 60 miles of hiking trails and over 100 parks where you can work out.

9. Johnson County, IA

Courtesy: Iowa City/Coralville CVB

University of Iowa‘s Hancher Auditorium

Towns include: Iowa City

Life expectancy at birth: 80.47 years

The Iowa Writers’ Workshop brings writers from all over the world to Iowa City, making it perhaps the most literary of America’s small cities. (It’s also one of the most educated.)

The program serves the wider community through the Iowa Summer Writing Festival, which offers dozens of classes taught by professors and professional writers. What better way to get that mental exercise you’ve always sworn you’d do once you found the time?

10. Honolulu County, HI

Towns include: Honolulu, Kailua, Kaneohe, Mililani Town, Pearl City, Waimalu, Waipahu

Life expectancy at birth: 80.45 years

What can we say about Honolulu County (which covers the entire island of Oahu) that isn’t obvious? After all, if you love the beach and can afford the housing, you may be thinking of moving there right now.

How about great local food? Aside from great high-end restaurants like Roy’s and Alan Wong‘s, Hawaii is known for healthy food (the traditional diet is loaded with omega-3s). Noodles and plate lunches are tasty and ubiquitous. Then again so is Spam musubi, a pressed cake of rice with a slice of you-know-what on top.

Fat Cells in Obese People Are ‘Sick’

Wed Aug 27, 11:47 PM ET

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 27 (HealthDay News) — Fat cells in obese people are “sick” compared to those in lean people, a new study shows.

 

Published in the September issue of Diabetes, a group of researchers from the Temple University School of Medicine analyzed fat samples from the upper thighs of six lean and six obese people.

 

They found significant differences in the fat cells of the obese participants compared with the lean participants.

 

“The fat cells we found in our obese patients were deficient in several areas,” study author Guenther Boden, the Laura H. Carnell Professor of Medicine and chief of endocrinology, said in Temple press release.

 

Boden said that the obese people’s fat cells showed stress on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which helps cells synthesize proteins and monitor how they are folded. When the ER is stressed, Boden explained, it produces several proteins that ultimately lead to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, in turn, plays a major role in the development of obesity-related conditions.

 

The differences in the fat cells between obese and lean people may help explain the link between obesity and a higher risk of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke, Boden theorized.

 

More information

 

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has more about overweight and obesity.

Why Losing Weight is Challenging

You just went away for the weekend and you came back to find that you gained 5 pounds over the course of 3 days. In your disbelief, you quickly curse the Weight Gods for being so cruel. Sound familiar? This was me last weekend. A little jaunt to Montreal, eating at decadent cafes, packed it on quick. This inspired me to discuss the seemingly unbalanced equation of weight gain vs. weight loss, the facts that surround the issue and how losing the 5 pounds feels so much harder than gaining them:

FACT 1 – It is Simple Math: To maintain your ideal weight, you need to eat as many calories as you burn in one day. The balanced equation looks like this:

Calories Eaten = Basal Metabolic Rate + Physical Activity

If what you eat equals more than what your body uses, you will gain weight. In the situation of a vacation, it is likely that you eat more unhealthy food than normal and possibly get less exercise, resulting in an imbalanced equation, with a higher number of calories on the eaten side than on the burned side. That imbalance over the course of a few days can easily represent a few pounds. (To assess an approximate of how many calories you need.)

FACT 2 – A Pound is a Pound is a Pound: One pound of body mass represents 3,500 calories. Regardless, if you are trying to lose a pound or gain a pound, the pound will always represent 3,500 calories. So, if you eat 3,500 calories more than your body requires, you will gain 1 pound. Similarly, if you eat 3,500 calories less than your body requires, you will lose 1 pound.

FACT 3 – Exercise is Weight Discriminating: Whether you are 120 pounds or 175 pounds, you will gain one pound from eating 3,500 calories more than you need. Unfortunately, this doesn’t hold true for burning calories. How much you weigh actually dictates how many calories you burn per hour. The more you weigh, the more you burn, and as a result, the easier it is to lose the pound…sound crazy? It is true.

FACT 4 – Aging Contributes to Weight Gain: As if aging doesn’t contribute enough to unfavorable things, it also contributes to weight gain. As we get older, our metabolism slows down, requiring us to need less food and calories. If you don’t modify your caloric intake as you get older to reflect this change in metabolism, you will start to see weight gain.

The Bad News: Unfortunately, eating an extra couple of unhealthy snacks or drinking a few extra glasses of wine can happen in a blink of an eye. However, the time and energy required to burn off those calories takes a lot more effort. We have provided a chart on what 1,000 calories looks like on both sides in the chart below (remember, it is 3,500 calories that make up a pound).

The Good News: Whether it is rapid or slow weight gain that you have experienced, losing the extra weight can be tackled through two avenues (and should be): calorie reduction and exercise . Choosing to lose weight through both calorie reduction and exercise will accelerate the process. If for seven days you burn 200 extra calories through exercise and reduce your food intake by 300 calories each day, you will lose that extra pound. Further, it is a lot easier than trying to either reduce your caloric intake by 3,500 calories (which is physically impossible) or burning an extra 3,500 calories during exercise (which takes a ridiculous amount of time and energy).

What you Can Do: Assess whether your weight gain was a rapid gain due to atypical behavior (E.g., vacationing) or a longer-term gain. If it was a rapid gain, there is a good chance you will lose the weight by returning to your normal habits. You might have to be a little strict for a day or two, but you shouldn’t feel like a major overhaul is in order. If, however, you have gained the weight over a period of time, assess your habits and think about what has changed in your life. Have you stopped exercising? Have you let your eating habits go? Have you hit a milestone birthday? Once you can assess the reality of your situation, remember the equation: to maintain balance, burn the calories you eat.

Inactivity link to mental decline

Inactivity link to mental decline

Being a slob puts you at risk of mental health problems, experts have warned.

A lack of physical activity leads to depression and dementia, evidence presented at the British Nutrition Foundation conference shows.

It comes as new research from the University of Bristol found that being active cuts the risk of Alzheimer’s disease by around a third.

Currently only 35% of men and 24% of women reach the recommended weekly amount of physical activity.

Professor Nanette Mutrie, an expert in exercise and sport psychology at the University of Strathclyde, told the conference that mental health was not a trivial issue.

It’s only recently that people have begun to see the link between physical activity and mental health Professor Nanette Mutrie

“It’s only recently that people have begun to see the link between physical activity and mental health.

“It’s important for increasing people’s self esteem, general mood, coping with stress and even sleeping better.

“And we now have very strong evidence that physical activity can prevent depression.”

She said inactive people had twice the risk of becoming depressed and there was also very good evidence that exercise is a useful treatment for depression.

Dementia risk

Researchers at the University of Bristol carried out an analysis of 17 trials looking at the effects of physical activity on dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.

They found that in both men and women physical activity was associated with a 30-40% drop in the risk of Alzheimer’s.

It is unclear why there is such a great effect but it could be associated with benefits to the vascular system as well as release of chemicals in the brain.

Professor Mutrie added: “It could be a simple case of use it or lose it.

“It is estimated that over 700,000 people in the UK currently suffer from dementia and more research is needed to determine how this condition can be prevented.”

Professor Judy Buttriss, director general at the BNF, said with people living longer the implications of such studies were “enormous”.

“There has already, justifiably, been a lot of emphasis on good nutrition but we must also find ways of helping people to be more physically active to ensure that they maintain health and quality of life in later years.”

Department of Health figures show the majority of adults do not do the recommended 30 minutes of moderate activity at least five times a week.

Children are also leading increasingly inactive lives.

Around 30% of boys and almost 40% of girls fail to reach the recommended hour of moderate intensity activity per day.

Professor Chris Riddoch, expert in sport and exercise science at the University of Bath, said: “We have half a Century of evidence showing active people have lower levels of disease.

“We also have a very good handle on how much exercise people should take.”

But he added efforts to get people to be more active had not been very successful to date.

Cleaning ‘improves mental health’

Cleaning ‘improves mental health’

Working up a sweat while performing household chores may not just improve the cleanliness of your home, but your mental health too, a survey suggests.

Just 20 minutes of sustained exercise a week – from cleaning to jogging – can impact upon depression, the British Journal of Sports Medicine study found.

The more strenuous and frequent the activity, the greater the effect.

University College London researchers looked at a survey of 20,000 people on weekly exercise and state of mind.

Another study in the journal also found such exercise among the middle-aged and elderly may delay the ageing process.

No gentle dusting

Those who suffer from stress or anxiety may be less likely to take part in physical activity in the first place Mark Hamer UCL

In the Scottish Health Survey, 3,000 people reported stress or anxiety.

The more active they were, the less likely they were to be suffering in this way. Taking part in sports at least once a week lowered the risk by 33%, while housework and walking could cut it by as much as 20%.

However, light dusting or meandering to the bus stop strictly did not count.

The activity needed to be for at least 20 minutes at a time, and had to induce breathlessness.

One theory as to why activity might work is that it curbs some biological risk factors for depression, including glucose intolerance, inflammation and cardiovascular problems.

Researchers did however concede they were unable to work out the nature of the relationship, and that those with mental health problems may be less likely to exercise in the first place.

“Many studies suggest benefits for mental health from exercise, and for the first time we have been able to quantify the amount of activity which seems to make a difference,” said Mark Hamer of University College London.

“But it is a chicken and egg issue – as those who suffer from stress or anxiety may be less likely to take part in physical activity in the first place.”

Sane, the mental health charity, noted that the reasons for distress were often poorly understood and that in severe cases people needed to seek professional help.

But “this study may offer hope to those suffering mental pain that small, manageable lifestyle changes can improve mental wellbeing”, said spokesman Richard Colwill.

“The brain is as much a ‘physical’ organ as the heart or lungs, so perhaps it should not come as a surprise that even little amounts of regular exercise can begin to reduce psychological distress.”

Staying active

Another study finds that even if the relationship between strenuous activity and mental health is unclear, those who opt for it may enjoy a more independent old age.

Regular aerobic exercise in middle-age and beyond trains the body to use oxygen more effectively in generating energy, researchers at the University of Toronto found after looking at 400 adults aged between 55 and 85.

This in turn seems to delay biological ageing by as much as 12 years.

Lorna Layward, research manager at Help The Aged, said it was “never too late” to start exercising.

“When people hear the word ‘aerobic’ they tend to think of Lycra and tracksuits, but there are all sorts of activities from dancing to swimming that can make a huge difference.

“There has long been the assumption that retirement is about putting your feet up, but gradually we’re getting the message across that keeping active is good for you in so many ways.”

Yoga

Yoga eases physical and mental menopause symptoms

Fri Aug 22, 1:48 PM ET

Yoga can reduce hot flashes and night sweats among women going through menopause, and also appears to sharpen their mental function, researchers from India report.

To investigate whether yoga would help women with physical and cognitive symptoms of menopause, they randomly assigned 120 menopausal women, 40 to 55 years old, to yoga practice or simple stretching and strengthening exercises five days a week for eight weeks.

The postures, breathing and meditation included in the yoga intervention were “aimed at one common effect, i.e. ‘to develop mastery over modifications of the mind’ … through ‘slowing down the rate of flow of thoughts in the mind,”‘ the researchers explain.

Women in the yoga group also listened to lectures on using yoga to manage stress and other yoga-related topics, while those in the control group heard lectures on diet, exercise, the physiology of menopause, and stress.

After eight weeks, women in the yoga group showed a significant reduction in hot flashes, night sweats, and sleep disturbances, while the women in the control group did not, Dr. R. Chattha, of the Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana in Bangalore, India, and colleagues found.

Both groups showed improvements in a test of attention and concentration, although improvement in the yoga group was significantly greater. In a test of memory and intelligence with 10 components, the yoga group improved on eight, while the control group improved on six. Improvements were significantly greater in the yoga group than in the control group on seven of the subtests.

“The present study shows the superiority of yoga over physical activity in improving the cognitive functions that could be attributed to emphasis on correctness in breathing, synchronizing breathing with body movements, relaxation and mindful rest,” the researchers suggest.

Be Happy

Key to longer life: ‘Don’t Worry Be Happy’
Agence France-Presse
First Posted 11:29:00 08/14/2008

PARIS — Keep humming “Don’t Worry Be Happy.” The 1980s New Age-inspired hit got it right. New research shows being happy can add several years to life.

“Happiness does not heal, but happiness protects against falling ill,” says Ruut Veenhoven of Rotterdam’s Erasmus University in a study to be published next month.

After reviewing 30 studies carried out worldwide over periods ranging from one to 60 years, the Dutch professor said the effects of happiness on longevity were “comparable to that of smoking or not.”

That special flair for feeling good, he said, could lengthen life by between 7.5 and 10 years.

The finding brings a vital new piece to a puzzle currently being assembled by researchers worldwide on just what makes us happy — and on the related question of why people blessed with material wealth in developed nations no longer seem satisfied with their lives.

Once the province of poets or philosophers, the notions of happiness and satisfaction have been taken on and dissected, quantified, and analyzed in the last few years by a growing number of highly serious and respected economists — some of whom dub the new field “hedonics,” or the study of what makes life pleasant, or otherwise.

“The idea that there is a state called happiness, and that we can dependably figure out what it feels like and how to measure it, is extremely subversive,” says Bill McKibben in his 2007 book “Deep Economy: The Wealth of Communities and the Durable Future.”

“It allows economists to start thinking about life in richer terms, to stop asking ‘What did you buy?’ and to start asking ‘Is your life good?'”

Growth in material wealth adds little to happiness once buying power hits 10,000 dollars a year per head, according to such research.

But happiness can be bolstered by friendship and human community, as well as larger social factors such as freedom, democracy, effective government institutions and rule of law.

In Veenhoven’s findings, published in the Journal of Happiness Studies, a scientific publication founded in 2000, the strongest effect on longevity was found among a group of US nuns followed through their adult life — perhaps reflecting the feel-good factor from belonging to a close-knit stress-free community with a sense of purpose.

While the lyrics from the Grammy-award 1989 “Be Happy” hit were inspired by popular Indian guru Meher Baba, nowadays, in more than 100 countries, from Bhutan in the Himalayas to the US and Australia, economists are working to put “happiness” indicators (a new kind of quality-of-life index) into the measurement of growth.

Happiness itself, according to the specialists, is generally accepted as “the overall appreciation of one’s life as a whole,” in other words a state of mind best defined by the person questioned.

In his paper, Veenhoven first looked at statistics to see whether good cheer impacted on the sick, but concluded that while happiness had helped some cancer patients suffering from a relapse, in general “happiness does not appear to prolong the deathbed.”

Among healthy populations, on the contrary, happiness appeared to protect against falling ill, thus prolonging life.

Happy people were more inclined to watch their weight, were more perceptive of symptoms of illness, tended to be more moderate with smoking and drinking and generally lived healthier lives.

They were also more active, more open to the world, more self-confident, made better choices and built more social networks.

“For the time being we know that happiness fosters physical health, but not precisely how,” he wrote.

“Chronic unhappiness activates the fight-flight response, which is known to involve harmful effects in the long run such as higher blood pressure and a lower immune response.”

To improve good cheer, he said, there needed to be more research on the impact of residential conditions or on the long-term effects of school on happiness. And studies on job-satisfaction failed to address the question of life-satisfaction at work.

But these findings, he said, opened new vistas for public health.

Governments needed to educate people in the art of “living well,” helping to develop the ability to enjoy life, to make the best choices, to keep developing and to see a meaning in life.

“If we feel unhealthy we go to a medical general practitioner,” he said. “If we feel unhappy there is no such generalist. We have to guess.”

“Professional guidance for a happier life is unavailable as yet. This is a remarkable market failure, given the large number of people who feel they could be happier.”